Prohibition — “must not do”
Obligation — “must do / need to”
Probability / conjecture — “I think; probably”
Contrast — “but / however”
Cause / reason — “because / since”
Existence — “there is / there are”
Copula — “to be / to not be”
Explanation — “explaining / emphasis”
Desire — “want”
Skill / preference — “good at / bad at / like”
Superlative — “the most / the best”
Comparison — “more than”
Direction / destination — “to / toward”
Suggesting / inviting — “let’s / shall we”
Requests — “please”
Adjective types — “い and な adjectives”
Reason and method — “why / how”
Listing / connecting — “and”