Conjecture & appearance expressions — “seems / looks like”
Ease & difficulty suffixes — “easy to / hard to”
Giving & receiving favors — the あげる／くれる／もらう system
Change-of-state constructions — “make it become ~”
Recent-completion expressions — “just did ~”
Progressive & continuative expressions — “in the middle of / keep ~ing”
Sudden-onset expressions — “suddenly / abruptly begin ~”
Simultaneity expressions — “while / during ~”
Negative-degree adverbs — “not very / not at all”
Nominalizers — “turning phrases into nouns”
Decision expressions — “decide to ~ / it’s been decided that ~”
Change-over-time expressions — “come to ~ / turn out that ~”
Listing & exemplification — “such as / or”
Contrastive & concessive expressions — “but / even though / even if”
Intention & attempt expressions — “try to / intend to / plan to”
The quotative と family — “called / that / I think”
Aspectual compound verbs — “begin / finish ~ing”